Essay about The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert...

The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frosts work. These ‘benign objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frosts poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frosts poetry are often portrayed through the use of symbolism, vivid imagery, and selective word choice. Frosts poems appear to be simple on the surface, yet upon further scrutiny the poems reveal themselves as elusive. Frost utilizes ordinary objects†¦show more content†¦The color gold represents the end of life, whereas green represents new life. The poem also illustrates the loss of innocence. As the seasons change, life progresses and innocence can no longer be sustained. Autumn represents death. The changes in the color of the leaves are often viewed as beautiful even though it marks the end of a season. The end to human life creates overwhelming feelings of anxiety and uncertainty. Death, for some people, is a taboo subject. People are not overly comfortable discussing death because of the emotions evoked. Yet, Frost has the ability to create an awareness of the subject by using the beauty of nature as a filter. Frosts darker side is also prevalent through the imagery of many of his poems. For example, the title of the poem Desert Places, stimulates images of loneliness, feelings of abandonment, and a general sense of isolation. The word desert is often associated with harsh living conditions and a place devoid of life. The word ‘it, in The woods around it have it—it is theirs (5), refers to the field and suggests that the field is just there. The animals are absent too - smothered in their lairs (6). The speaker is too absent-spirited (7) to matter. Thus, without the care of man and without the animals the field is deserted, desolated, and lonely. The closing line To scare myself with my own desert places (16), examinesShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry3064 Words   |  13 PagesThe Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry Robert Frost’s nature poetry occupies a significant place in the poetic arts; however, it is likely Frost’s use of nature is the most misunderstood aspect of his poetry. While nature is always present in Frost’s writing, it is primarily used in a â€Å"pastoral sense† (Lynen 1). This makes sense as Frost did consider himself to be a shepherd. Frost uses nature as an image that he wants us to see or a metaphor that he wants us to relate to on a psychological

In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged Free Essays

string(111) " at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs \(Swanson, 1992\)\." Coursework 2 Name: Mohamed Abdulwahab Exercise metabolism Title: In the light of the energy systems used during prolonged endurance events, critically analyse the nutritional strategies that a marathon runner should adopt before and whilst running a marathon in temperate environmental conditions (16-18oC). 1. Introduction: 1. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Energy intake: 1. 2 Fluid intake: 1. 3 Carbohydrate intake: 2. Building energy and fluid: 1. Before competition: 2. During competition: 3. Nutritional recommendation: 3. 0 Summary: 4. 0 Reference: 1. 0 Introduction: The term energy system refers to the body’s ability, or power, to do physical work. The energy system requires to do body work that takes several different forms: mechanical, electrical, light, radiant, and heat (Economos, 1993). Energy system is like matter, which can neither be created nor destroyed (Bortz, 1993). It can only be changed into another form; therefore energy is constant cycle in the body and environment (Nelson, 1993). Potential energy is stored energy which is ready to be used. Kinetics energy is active energy which can be used to do work (Burke, 1991). Energy balance n a physical activity requires a base of sound nutrition to supply the substrate fuels, which along with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O) meet widely varying levels of energy demand for body action (Gollan, 1991). Fuel sources are the basic energy nutrition in the diet, primarily carbohydrate and some fat (Read, 1991). Their metabolic products-glucose, glycogen, and fatty acids-provide ready fuel sour ced for the chemical energy reactions within cells (Murray, 1998). The main energy compound of the body cells is needed during a marathon run is aerobic system (Horswill, 1998). It has rightly a form of energy currency of the cell. A long-term energy system, when exercising more than 2 minutes is required O2 dependant, or aerobic energy system (Pate, 1992). A constant supply of O2 in the blood is necessary for continued exercise (Branch, 1992). Especially cells organelles, the mitochondria are located within each cell, produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Hargreaves, 1996). The ATP is produced mainly from glucose and fatty acids and supplies the continued energy needs of the body (Dillo, 1996). When the fuel nutrition becomes depleted during exercise, as an energy demands increase the body burns blood glucose and muscle glycogen as well as reserves from fatty acids to provide energy (Angus, 1996). With prolonged exercise levels of these nutrition fail too low to sustain the body continued demands, fatigue followed and exhaustion threatens (Fabbriao, 1996). A marathon runner, energy system is defined as aerobic capacity, which depends on the body’s ability to deliver and the use of O2 in sufficient quantities to meet the demands of increased level of exercise (Coyle, 1986). O2 uptake increases with exercise intensity until either the demand is net or the ability to supply it is exceeded (Hammert, 1986). The maximum rate that the body can take in O2, or aerobic capacity is called the Vo2max the maximum uptake volume of O2 (Ivy, 1986). This capacity determines the intensity and duration of exercise that an athlete can perform (Coyle, 1986). A long-distance race requires the sustained production of high rates of energy production, with the typical contribution of aerobic energy system varying according to the duration of the race (Costill, 1985). Aerobic metabolism accounts for the greater majority of the energy cost of long-distance events, especially half-marathon and marathon races (William, 1996). The elite level of long-distance running, particularly in males, is dominated by African runners, are outstanding competitor in half-marathon and marathon events (Wilson, 1996). 1. 1 Energy intake: Endurance athletes are involved in events where there is continuous movement for longer than 30 minutes (Burrin, 1996). Some endurance sports combine periods of slow, continuous movement with periods of fast, quick burst of movement, and other endurance sports require continuous movement overlong-distances or time periods (Tsintzas, 1995). In the types of activity there is a premium on supplying sufficient energy and fluid to assure that the athlete does not become exhausted or over-heated from the continuous energy burn (Williams, 1995). A failure to supply sufficient energy of the right type will lead to early fatigue and poor athletic performance (Williams, 1995). The goal for the endurance athlete is therefore to establish a workable strategy for supplying sufficient energy and fluids (Williams, 1995). Before and during practice and competition to sustain muscular work for a long-duration and at the highest possible intensity (Wilson, 1995). Aerobic metabolism is the energy system of greatest importance for endurance athletes. In this energy pathway oxygen is used to help transfer phosphorus into new ATP molecules (Burrin, 1995). Aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochondria of the cells, where the vast majority of all ATP is produced from the entering acetyl-CoA, (Burrin, 1995). Fast can be converted to acetyl-CoA through a process called beta-oxidative metabolism pathway (Burrin, 1995). This pathway is very oxygen dependant which means that fast can only be burned aerobically (Wilson, 1995). The ability of an athlete to achieve a steady state of oxygen uptake into the cells is a function of how well an athlete is aerobically conditioned (Coggan, 1992). An athlete that frequently trains aerobically is likely to reach a steady state faster than one does not train aerobically (Coggan, 1992). In theory once an athlete reaches a level of oxygen uptake that matches oxygen requirement for the given level of exertion (Coggan, 1992). The exercise could go on for as long as the body’s carbohydrate level and fluid did not reach a critical state (Sherman, 1996). For instance a long-distance runner is in a steady state could continue running provided the runner replaced the carbohydrate and fluid that are used in the activity (Sherman, 1995). Therefore, endurance is enhanced with a periodic intake of carbohydrates and fluid during the activity (Swanson, 1992). Athletes with different levels of conditioning are likely to achieve steady state at different levels of exercise intensity (Sherman, 1995). When athletes are being well-conditioned they might be able to maintain a steady state at a high enough level of exercise intensity to easily win a race (Williams, 1995. In other words, they can go really at a fast paced but still provide enough oxygen to your cell to satisfy your aerobic needs (Swanson, 1992). You read "In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged" in category "Essay examples" 1. 2 Fluid: As athletes exercise there is an inevitable loss of body water through sweat (Economos, 1993). The cooling system plus the normal urinary water loss may amount cover 10 litres of daily water loss when exercising in a warm environment (Borts, 1993). In a hot or humid environment water losses may exceed three litres per hour, but may be less than 0. 5 litres per hour cool dry environment (Nelson, 1993). Despite the high rates of sweat losses experienced by athletes, most athletes replace on fifty percent of the water that is lost, a behaviour that inevitably leads to progressive dehydration and a decline in performance (Nelson, 1993). Researches have clearly demonstrated that even a slight dehydration of two percent of body weight causes a measureable decrease in athletic performance (Borts, 1993). Therefore, when athletes take steps to satisfy fluid requirements, they are helping to guarantee optimal athletic performance (Economos, 1993). 1. 3 Carbohydrate: Athletes require carbohydrate during both low and high intensity activities (Burke, 1991). When carbohydrate stores are depleted the athlete quickly becomes fatigued and performance drops dramatically (Gollan, 1991). However, since the storage level of carbohydrate is relatively low gen compared fat stores; athletes must make a conscious effort to replace carbohydrate at every opportunity (Read, 1991). When having high levels of stored carbohydrate (glycogen) and consuming carbohydrates during exercise that last up to an hour or more are well-established techniques for optimizing athletic endurance (Murray, 1998). Consuming carbohydrate during exercise helps to maintain blood sugar (glucose) and insulin, which encourages sugar uptake by working muscles (Horswill, 1998). This helps to increase the muscular metabolism of carbohydrates and also helps to assure that carbohydrates are not depleted during exercise (Horswill, 1998). The concentration of carbohydrate consumed early during endurance running may influence the degree to which the athlete gets gastrointestinal (GI), discomfort (Murray, 1998). It was found that a 5. 5 percent (13 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), carbohydrate solution produced the same level (relative low) of GI distress as plain water (Pate, 1992). A 6. percent (18 gram of carbohydrate per 8 ounces of fluid), solution, on the other hand, doubled the incident of distress when athletes were asked to perform the same exercise (Branch, 1992). In addition, only the 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution imparted a significant improvement in performance (Branch, 1992). In a study of marathon running performance, that are running over 26 miles, were asked to consume either water, a 5. 5 percent carbohydrate solution or a 6. 9 p ercent carbohydrate solution on three occasions (Pate, 1992). The fastest times were recorded when they consumed the 5. 5percent carbohydrate solution, while consuming the 6. 9 percent solution resulted in times that were similar to consuming plain water (Hargreaves, 1996). Although, athletes have a tremendous need for carbohydrate, trying to provide too much too fast causes difficulties and may detract from performance (Dillo, 1996). Therefore, it appears clear that having a carbohydrate containing beverages during exercise is a very good thing to do (Angus, 1996). Resynthesis of glycogen following activity is also important, since glycogen reserves are severely depleted following activity lasting an hour or longer (Fabbrioa, 1996). The efficiency of glycogen resynthesis is dependent on several factors, including: (1) the timing of carbohydrate intake, (2) the amount of carbohydrate consumed, (3) the type of carbohydrate consumed, and (4), the degree to which muscles has been damaged during the exercise (Fabbrioa, 1996). 2. 0 Building energy and fluid: The importance of building and maintaining energy reserves to support endurance exercise is well-established (Angus, 1996). It is very clear that endurance athlete who begins competing with more stored carbohydrates have more available at the end of the competition (Coyle, 1996). This difference alone may be enough to determine the winner. In addition, athletes who are better hydrates during competition perform better than those who are less well-hydrated (Coyle, 1996). Having optimal carbohydrates and fluid intake does not happen automatically. It is something that must occur with foresight and planning (Angus, 1996). 2. 1 Before competition: When consuming carbohydrates prior to exercise, there is improved performance. The general recommendation is for athletes to consume between 800 to 1200 calories during the hours that precede competition (Costill, 1985). Foods consumed prior to competition should be foods that have been consumed without difficult prior to training (Costill, 1985). Trying to improve carbohydrate status before a competition by trying out new foods, like gels or sports drinks is an almost guaranteed formula for competitive disaster (Costill, 1985). Consumption of fluids prior to competition is also important and since glycogen storage requires additional fluids carbohydrate consumption should lways take place with substantial fluid intake (William, 1996). Since it is common for athletes to drink only when thirsty a conscious effort should be make to consume fluids even when not thirsty (William, 1996). Getting and staying well-hydrated may be the single most important thing athlete can do to assure good athletic performance (Wilson, 1996). Since it is almost impossible to adequate ly replace all fluids lost during training or competition it is useful for athletes to enter the exercise in a well-hydrated state (Burrin, 1996). It is impossible to become well-hydrated during exercise if athlete enters the exercise poorly hydrated to begin with (Burrin, 1996). Assuming that ample fluids have been consumed during the day leading up to the re-competition or practice athletes should consume an additional 10 to 13 gram of fluid approximately two hours before the exercise begins (Wilson, 1996). After this fluids should be consumed every 15 to 30 minutes to maintain prior to exercise (William, 1996). The athlete will know if you’ve adequately hydrated yourself by checking on the colour of the athlete urine (Tsintzas, 1995). Dark urine suggests that athlete is not well-hydrated, while clear urine suggests that athlete is well-hydrated (Stanzas, 1995). Using sports beverages (lucazad) prior to exercise is useful because they provide the two things athletes need the most: carbohydrates and fluids (William, 1995). Since carbohydrate is typically the limiting energy substance (that will run out before fat or protein runs out) in exercise (William, 1995). When starting exercise with more of it is in the tissues should aid exercise endurance (William, 1995). In low-intensity but long-duration exercise, fat may be the primarily fuel, but fat requires carbohydrates to burn completely (Singh, 1995). In either case, when carbohydrates (glycogen stores and blood glucose) are depleted, exercise performance is dramatically reduced (Wilson, 1995). This basis behind carbohydrate loading is to put as much carbohydrate in the tissue as they can hold (Wilson, 1995). 2. During competition: A marathon race where fluid are available at regular intervals, the athlete should take full advantage of each fluid station and consume fluid (Burrin, 1995). Since water is constantly being lost, frequent and regular consumption of fluid helps to maintain the body water level (Burrin, 1995). To understand how much fluid an athlete needs to consume during practice or competition, a log should be maintained with the amount of fluid consumed and the beginning and ending weight of the athletes (Sherman, 1995). If an athlete consumes 26 gram during practice and weighs 26 gram less at the end of practice than at the beginning this athletes should learn to consume an additional 26 gram of fluid during practice or competition (Sherman, 1995). Consumption of fluids that contain carbohydrates is important during exercise or competition and properly designed sport beverages can benefit in providing both fluid and carbohydrates quickly (Coggan, 1992). Carbohydrate solution of between 5 and 6 percent delivers both the carbohydrate and the fluid quickly (Swanson, 1992). A higher carbohydrate concentration slows delivery to the muscles by delaying gastric emptying and may increase the risk of gut upset (Swanson, 1992). A small amount of sodium helps drive the desire to drink and in so doing helps to assure that the athlete stays better hydrated (Coggan, 1992). Sodium may also benefit in getting the water and carbohydrate absorbed more quickly as well as helps to maintain blood volume (Economos, 1993). Maintaining of blood volume is an important predictor of athletic performance (Economos, 1993). There is some evidence that hyponatremia (low level of blood sodium), which results from large losses of sodium in sweat that goes unreplaced, occurs endurance and ultra-endurance events (Borts, 1993). This is a rare but a serious condition that may result in comas, or death (Nelson, 1993). The beverage should be taste good to the athlete. The taste sensation may be altered during exercise so there is no guarantee that a fluid, athlete enjoys drinking while exercising. Make sure that an athlete tries different flavours during exercise to determine what is best liked. The carbohydrate should be from a combination of glucose and sucrose. Beverages containing predominantly fructose increase the risk of creating gut upset. 2. 3 Nutritional recommendation: There are several rules of nutrition that apply here. Among them is the idea of the need to consume a wide range of variety of foods to assure that the body is exposed to all of the essential nutrients (Burke, 1991). On the backside of this rule, there is another benefit. By consuming a wide range of variety of foods, athletes can avoid being exposed to any potentially toxic substances that are more prevalent in some foods (Gollan, 1991). Therefore, eating a wide range of variety of foods is a good nutritional rule to live by (Read, 1991). Another rule is the idea that it is possible to eat too much of something, even if athletes think it’s good for them (Read, 1991). Learning to balance the diet through variety will help ensure the body of both proper maintenance and adequate nutrient intake (Gollan, 1991). 3. Summary: In general, athletes with long training schedules should focus on the consumption of diets that are high in carbohydrate and should develop a drinking habit that frequently delivers fluids to the body. While fats, constitute a major proportion of burned energy for endurance (aerobic) activities the storage capacity for fat is relatively high for even the leanest athletes. T he storage capacity for carbohydrate, however, is limited. Since fats require some carbohydrate to be completely burned, the limited storage capacity for carbohydrate cam limit the body ability to burn fat during exercise. To overcome this limitation athlete should be constantly vigilant to keep body stored of carbohydrate at maximal levels before activity begins and should replace carbohydrate during activity throughout whatever means are available. A failure to supply suffienct carbohydrate before and during endurance activity will significantly reduce athletic performance. 4. 0 Reference: †¢ Economos, D. , Borts, Z. , and Nelson, R. 1993. Nutritional practices of elite athletes. Sports. Med. 16:383. †¢ Burke, L. , Gollan, R. , and Read, R. 1991. Dietary intake and food use of groups of elite Australian male athletes. Int. J. Sports Nutr. 1:378. †¢ Murray, R. and Horswill, A. , 1998. Nutrition requirements for competitive sports. In nutrition in exercise and sport, 3ed. 521-558. †¢ Pate, R. , and Branch, D. 1992. Training for endurance sport. Med. Sci. Sports Exer. 24:S340. †¢ Hargreaves, M. , Dillo, P. , Angus, D. , and Fabbraio, M. 1996. Effect of fluid ingestion on muscle metabolism during pro-longed exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:363-6. †¢ Coyle, E. , Coggan, A. , Hammert, M. , and Ivy, L. 1986. Muscle glycogen utilization during pro-longed strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. J. Appl. Physiol. 61:165-172. †¢ Costill, D. 1985. Carbohydrate nutrition before, during, and after exercise. Fed. Proc. 44:364. †¢ William, C. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1996. Influence of carbohydrate supplementation early in exercise on endurance running capacity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1373-1379. †¢ Tsintzas, O. , Williams, C. , Singh, R. , Wilson, W. , and Burrin, J. 1995. Influence of carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on marathon running performance. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 154-6. †¢ Sherman, M. 1995. Metabolism of sugars and physical performance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62:228S. †¢ Coggan, A. , and Swanson, S. , 1992. Nutritional manipulations before and during endurance exercise: effects on performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 24:S331. How to cite In the Light of the Energy Systems Used During Prolonged, Essay examples

Trade Liberalization and Lagged Reactions †Free Sample to Students

Question: Discuss about the Trade Liberalization and Lagged Reactions. Answer: Introduction: In this research, secondary data collection method is applied for attaining the reliable as well as accurate outcome. This information is gathered through the journal articles, books and websites, etc. this data collection method is quite effective, as it takes less time and cost for obtaining the facts and figures. Secondary data is highly incorporated in the literature review for the purpose of creating valid and reliable research. The car manufacturing sector of Australia had gone small after every company has started to depend on it for its survival. In the eco system of the automobile industry, most of the car part suppliers have contracted with around three brands to stay viable. Clibborn, Lansbury Wright (2016) mentions that employees left factory of Ford Broadmeadows. They were among the thousands, who are impacted by their previous job cuts and are moving towards the ongoing closure of the car manufacturing (Clibbor, Lansbury Wright, 2016). Factories require having economies of scale at the right time and letting alone at the worst time when they are expected to compete with the imported parts of low cost. The local Australian content has made cars manufacturing decline. Its noted that 30% of the parts are produced at the Holden Cruz, which was locally sourced, and it was also observed that Commodore was around 50% Australian, as per figures, which were supplied by the car makers (Sanidas Jayanthakumaran, 2007). Toyota has tried to create the Japanese image, but simultaneously Camry has 70% of the Australian car parts, which was similar to Ford Falcon. In case the car manufacturers had to survive more than the present models, they will be forced to depend on the foreign parts for reducing the cost. It means that saving the car manufacturers might have saved the other part supply industry, which is contrary to that, if save us, then you save them, which Holden used to mention in its arguments for supporting the government. Toyota, Ford, and Holden had always stayed in headlines, but hundreds of small car manufacturers supply the car parts for the massive brands were feeling, but not that much pain (Sanidas Jayanthakumaran, 2007). Thats why as soon as the first sell fall in the last year May for Ford, the decline of the lasting two manufacturers such as Toyota and Holden and other industries was inevitable. Akio Toyoda, who is the President of Toyota Motor Corporation, has announced that the organization will stop the manufacturing of cars in Australia in last four year, which bangs the nail in the countries auto industry coffin (Sekaran Bougie, 2013). The best practice of the car factories supports in producing less of 250000 vehicles each year. It is noted that in the end, three car brands of Australia combined can barely meet it. Taylor, Bogdan DeVault (2015) mentions that shut down of Mitsubishi in the year 2008, the automotive industry of Australia has become quite like the wobbly three legged chair. It is noted that once the Ford had lost, then the tipping point was imminent for Toyota and Holden, despite the posturing in public. The shutdown timing in the year 2016 was for Ford, and in 2017, Toyota and Holden were shutdowns, which were genuine, but it was also a convenient coincidence (Taylor, Bogdan DeVault 2015). Ford Falcon, Holden Commodore as well as Toyota Camry meet the end of the model cycles, before getting replaced by the new cars. It was quite common for the car manufacturers to shadow over one another, when other launches so that they can stay competitive with the help of fresh metal. Nevertheless, the three car factories in Australia and the hundreds of car parts suppliers have to struggle to move total distance from the proposed shutdown, when sales of the locally manufactured vehicles got a shrink (Walter Andersen, 2016). By next year, the manufacturers of the car like Toyota, Mitsubishi, Holden, and Ford have to exit the manufacturing work in Australia, by considering the assembly lines, in which production cost is quite less. They will also try to create the supply elements and accessories in automobile sector of Australia (Walter Andersen, 2016). But moving beyond the direct effect of the suppliers, the research has indicated that there will be the substantial effect on the outputs and thousands of job loss in both the upstream and downstream industries, and mainly the Professional, scientific and technical services. It is noted that this sector explains by the Australian Bureau of statistics, presently employs area around one million people, and it comes to around 8.5% of the total workforce (Walter Andersen, 2016). There are different reasons in the coming of the car manufacturing industry. The market of Australia is quite small, and the Australian industry falls in exploiting the economies of scale. To stay solvent, they hold no alternative, but instead of that, they make use of low-cost foreign production inputs, which includes both parts and labour (Walter Andersen, 2016). The conditions of the domestic market in Australia has gone untenable by reducing the import tariffs as well as through Free trade agreements; increased wages and better conditions of work, which is demanded by the unions in the company; and appreciation of the dollar in Australia. It is challenging to compete when the cost of labor in certain Asian countries are 1/4th of (Australia Collapse of Australian car manufacturing industry, 2016). Dowling (2017) mentions, that car manufacture industry fails in operation in isolation. In the year 2009-2010, there will be around 73772 full-time employees, working in the automotive sector, which also includes the transport equipment and parts production (Dowling, 2017). It is noted that the total gross input of the production as around $20 billion. The employment and output multipliers in the car manufacturing industry are two and seven, recommending that $1 million along with final demand, which can, directly and indirectly, $2 million extra output along with seven jobs within the economy (Dowling, 2017). Most importantly was that, the collapse of the automotive vehicle industry, which can adversely affect the PSTS industry viability. The industry also offers the architecture, scientific research, accounting, advertising market research, computer system designs, as well as management and various other consultancies, professional photography, and veterinary science (Keller, Aperia Georgson, 2013). In this sector, scientist includes the CSIRO employees, which mainly involve research and development activities. Relying on the extent of the sectoral linkages, there are many full-time jobs loss, which differs all across the industry. Assuming about the entire car industry closure, below figures show that the job loss takes place in the hit sectors (Keller, Aperia Georgson, 2013). Various employees were already employed in different sectors, but the information served to mention the different areas, which are affected. The above table depicts that the industries are most likely to get affected through the future research and development vacuum, which created the motor vehicle company absence. Various previous studs have explored that car manufacturers offer transferable skills, technical support, and employee training the parts (Daft Samson, 2014). These are the extensive spill overs knowledge coming from the automobile sector to other industries. Previous studies have shown that car manufacturing offer transferable skills, technical help, as well as employee training in small suppliers (Daft Samson, 2014). They hold extensive knowledge about the spill overs. In the year 2008, Steve Bricks had reviewed the Australian automobile industry. All these spill overs help in the contention that automobile sector is the significant element of both the equipment capability and machinery in Australia (Daft Samson, 2014). The outcome had indicated about the motor vehicle industry collapse, which can severely disturb the car manufacturing industry by developing the vacuum at both the upstream a swell as downstream sectors (Porter, 2016). The common outcome is also collected in the year 1998 as well as through 2012 industries, which recommends that research and elopement intensive manufacturing industries like the automotive sector play integral role in the technology diffusion process (Ciambrone, 2007). All these findings are consistent with the Bracks report agreement, which mentions that research and development are the linchpins of the automobile sector in Australia and there are crucial knowledge spill overs towards other industries (Earl, 2002). Ford has indicated that it will stay with its product development centre as well as testing facility after the factory is ceased for the manufacturing operations in the year 2006. Holden has mentioned that it will stay its international design studio after they have stopped the production in the year 2017 but has sailed in commenting over the product engineering work fate. Toyota mentions that there exists considerable minimizing the Australian design base for it (Hagon Hagon, 2016). Nevertheless, there are fears that Toyota, Holden, and Ford will remove the research and development activities closer towards the manufacturing centres after shutting the plants in Australia (Hagon Hagon, 2016). In specific, it fears that car elements of Australia car manufacturing industry will fail to survive and it is noted that its engineering capability will be impacted adversely. It views inevitably; about the automotive sector collapse in Australia will try to create the huge dent in the car ma nufacturing industry (Hagon Hagon, 2016). The future budget will reduce the company like CSIRO, which had only exacerbated the situations through reducing the research and development activities n the long term. It can be considered as a serious problem, especially when the motor vehicle industry coincides with the CSIRO by losing around 10% of their employees in the coming four years, due to the strong measures, which were introduced in the federal budget of 2014. By the absence of car manufacturing companies in Australia, the country requires having more, along with less investment in the area of technological innovation and research and development (Farmer, 2010). Otherwise, failure to have a lack of investment in these crucial areas will negatively create influence in the remaining industries survival, such as technology intensive industries (Keller, Aperia Georgson, 2011). That is not the one mentioned as flexible and innovative economy. References Ciambrone, D. F. (2007). Effective Transition from Design to Production. CRC Press Clibborn, S., Lansbury, R. D., Wright, C. F. (2016). Who Killed the Australian Automotive Industry: The Employers, Government or Trade Unions?.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy,35(1), 2-15. Collapse of Australian car manufacturing industry. (2016). Retrieved on 12th August 2017, from https://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/10/collapse-of-australian-car-manufacturing-industry-.php Daft, R. L., Samson, D. (2014). Fundamentals of Management: Asia Pacific Edition PDF. Cengage Learning Australia Dowling, J. (2017). Why Australian car manufacturing died and what it means for our motoring future. Retrieved on 12th August 2017, from https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/technology/why-australian-car-manufacturing-died-and-what-it-means-for-our-motoring-future/news-story/0428dc235d1b44639459959f5a3bbf9b Earl, P. E. (2002). Information, Opportunism and Economic Coordination. Edward Elgar Publishing Farmer, G. (2010). Great Ideas in Motion: A History of Chrysler in Australia 1946-1981. Ilinga Books Hagon, T., Hagon, W. (2016). Holden: Our Car 18562017. Pan Macmillan Australia Keller, K. L., Aperia, T., Georgson, M. (2011). Strategic Brand Management: A European Perspective. Financial Times/Prentice Hall Keller, K. L., Aperia, T., Georgson, M. (2013). Strategic Brand Management. Pearson Higher Ed Porter, I. (2016). What Happened to the Car Industry? Scribe Publications Sanidas, E., Jayanthakumaran, K. (2007). Trade liberalization and lagged reactions of trade flows, productivity and internal demand: an application to the Australian PMV industry.Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy,13(1), 26-49. Sekaran, U. Bougie, R. (2013). Research Methods for Business - A Skill Building Approach, 6th ed., West Sussex: Wiley. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R. DeVault, M. (2015).Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Walter, M., Andersen, C. (2016). Indigenous Statistics: A Quantitative Research Methodology. UK: Routledge.